Recherche en EMDR

Résumé des recherches en EMDR

Mise à jour : août 2020

Version anglophone : EMDR Institute – www.emdr.com

Version francophone : Institut Français d’EMDR – Intégrativa – David SERVAN SCHREIBER – Ludwig CORNIL

Traductions françaises des abstracts : Institut Français d’EMDR – Intégrativa, avec l’aide de : François MOUSNIER-LOMPRE – Jenny Ann RYDBERG

Recommandations internationales de traitement

La thérapie EMDR est une approche de la psychothérapie qui est internationalement reconnue comme un traitement empiriquement soutenu pour le trouble de stress post-traumatique aigu et chronique. La thérapie EMDR est basée sur un modèle de traitement adaptatif de l’information développé par Francine Shapiro, Ph.D.

L’EMDR est recommandé par de nombreuses organisations American Psychiatric Association, National Council for Mental Health, California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare, CREST, Department of Veterans Affairs & Department of Defense, Dutch National Steering Committee Guidelines Mental Health Care, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, HAS – Haute Autorité de Santé, INSERM, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, OMS – organisation mondiale de la santé, SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices, Therapy Advisor, United Kingdom Department of Health…

En savoir plus : présentations des Recommandations internationales de traitement pour l’EMDR

Méta-analyses

L’EMDR a été comparé à de nombreux protocoles de thérapie d’exposition, avec et sans techniques CT. Il convient de noter que la thérapie d’exposition utilise une à deux heures de devoirs quotidiens et EMDR n’en utilise aucune. Les méta-analyses sur l’EMDR les plus récentes sont présentées dans l’article méta-analyses sur l’EMDR

Essais cliniques randomisés

La thérapie EMDR dispose d’une base de recherche substantielle, et plus de trois douzaines d’études randomisées et contrôlées ont évalué la thérapie EMDR pour le traitement des traumatismes.

Des essais randomisés contrôlés confirment les effets positifs de la psychothérapie EMDR dans le traitement des traumatismes émotionnels et d’autres expériences de vie défavorables abordées dans la pratique clinique.

Sept études sur dix ont indiqué que la psychothérapie EMDR était plus rapide et/ou plus efficace que la psychothérapie cognitive comportementale centrée sur le trauma.

Douze études randomisées sur le composant des mouvements oculaires ont relevé des diminutions rapides des émotions négatives et/ou de la clarté des images perturbantes, et huit autres études ont rapporté une variété d’autres effets sur la mémoire.

De nombreuses autres évaluations documentent le fait que la psychothérapie EMDR soulage toutes sortes d’autres plaintes somatiques.

Présentation des essais cliniques randomisés en EMDR

Etudes non randomisées

Aduriz, M.E., Bluthgen, C. & Knopfler, C. (2009). Helping child flood victims using group EMDR intervention in Argentina: Treatment outcome and gender differences. International Journal of Stress Management. 16, 138-153.

English abstract : A comprehensive group intervention with 124 children, who experienced disaster related trauma during a massive flood utilizing a one session group protocol. Significant differences were obtained and maintained at 3-month follow up.
En français : Cet article décrit une intervention de groupe faite auprès de 124 enfants traumatisés par une catastrophe naturelle (une inondation massive à Santa Fe, en Argentine, en 2003), en se servant d’un protocole EMDR de groupe en une séance. Une séance de suivi a eu lieu trois mois après cette intervention pour en évaluer les effets. Les résultats de cette procédure de traitement en une séance, qui utilisait le protocole EMDR de traitement intégratif de groupe, ont montré une réduction statistiquement significative des symptômes immédiatement après l’intervention. Ces différences statistiquement significatives, mesurées au moyen d’échelles psychométriques et par l’observation clinique et comportementale, se maintenaient à l’évaluation de suivi trois mois plus tard. L’analyse des données a également révélé d’importantes différences en fonction du sexe. Malgré ses limites méthodologiques, cette étude confirme l’efficacité du traitement EMDR de groupe dans l’amélioration et la prévention des symptômes de stress post-traumatique ; le traitement EMDR de groupe constitue un outil efficace, simple et économique (en termes de temps et de ressources) dans les cas de traumatismes dus à des catastrophes naturelles.

Aubert-Khalfa S., Roques J., Blin O., (2008) « Evidence of a Decrease in Heart Rate and Skin Conductance. Responses in PTSD Patients After a Single EMDR Session «, Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, Volume 2, Number 1

Titre français : Diminution du rythme cardiaque et de la réponse électrodermale chez des patients souffrant d’un ESPT après une seule séance d’EMDR
English abstract : Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrate abnormal psychophysiological responses to stressful events. Given that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy appears to be a treatment of choice for trauma victims, the aim of the present study was to determine if psychophysiological responses to stress decreased after a single EMDR session. Six PTSD patients were treated by an EMDR therapist. Their psychophysiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were recorded before and after the EMDR session under two conditions: (a) in a relaxed state and (b) while visualizing their own traumatic event. At the end of the session, all patients had a signifi cant reduction in their PTSD symptoms, which confi rms previous results demonstrating the efficacy of the EMDR approach. Second, after only one EMDR session, heart rate and skin conductance during the trauma recall decreased signifi cantly as compared to a relaxing state.
Abstract en français : Confrontés à des événements stressants les patients souffrant d’un ESPT (Etat de Stress Post Traumatique) présentent des réactions psychophysiologiques anormales. Etant donné que la méthode EMDR par retraitement (de l’information) et désensibilisation utilisant les mouvements oculaires, est reconnue pour être une thérapie particulièrement efficace dans le traitement des victimes de trauma, le but de la présente étude était de déterminer si les réponses psychophysiologiques au stress décroissaient après une seule séance d’EMDR. Six patients ont été soignés par un thérapeute EMDR. Leurs réactions psychophysiologiques (rythme cardiaque, réponse électrodermale) ont été enregistrées avant et après la séance en deux temps : (a) dans un état de relaxation et (b) pendant qu’ils revisualisaient l’événement traumatique. A la fin de la séance, tous les patients montraient une forte réduction de leurs symptômes d’ESPT, ce qui confirme les précédents résultats montrant l’efficacité de l’approche EMDR. De plus, après une seule séance d’EMDR, leur rythme cardiaque, ainsi que leur réponse électrodermale, associés à un rappel du trauma était significativement diminué et comparable à un état de relaxation

Devilly, G.J., & Spence, S.H. (1999). The relative efficacy and treatment distress of EMDR and a cognitive behavioral trauma treatment protocol in the amelioration of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 131-157.

English abstract : The only EMDR research study that found CBT superior to EMDR. The study is marred by poor treatment delivery and higher expectations in the CBT condition. Treatment was delivered in both conditions by the developer of the CBT protocol and patient assignment to each group was not randomized.
Abstract en français : La seule étude sur la thérapie EMDR qui ait trouvé une supériorité de la TCC sur la thérapie EMDR. L’étude est faussée par une mauvaise application du traitement et par des attentes supérieures dans le groupe de TCC. Le traitement a été délivré dans les deux groupes par le créateur du protocole TCC et l’allocation des patients aux deux groupes n’était pas randomisée.

Fernandez, I. (2007). EMDR as treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study on child victims of an earthquake. Educational and Child Psychology. Special Issue: Therapy, 24, 65-72.

English abstract : This field study explores the effectiveness of EMDR and the level of post-traumatic reactions in a post-emergency context on 22 children victims of an earthquake. The results show that EMDR contributed to the reduction or remission of PTSD symptoms and facilitated the processing of the traumatic experience

Fernandez, I., Gallinari, E., & Lorenzetti, A. (2004). A school- based EMDR intervention for children who witnessed the Pirelli building airplane crash in Milan, Italy. Journal of Brief Therapy, 2, 129-136.

English abstract : A group intervention of EMDR was provided to 236 schoolchildren exhibiting PTSD symptoms 30 days post-incident. At four-month follow up, teachers reported that all but two children had returned to normal functioning after treatment.
Abstract en français : Une intervention de groupe traité avec la thérapie EMDR a été faite auprès de 236 écoliers présentant des symptômes de syndrome de stress post-traumatique 30 jours après l’incident déclenchant. Lors du contrôle effectué 4 mois après le traitement, les enseignants ont rapporté que tous les enfants, sauf deux, ont montré un retour à leur état normal après le traitement.

Grainger, R.D., Levin, C., Allen-Byrd, L., Doctor, R.M. & Lee, H. (1997). An empirical évaluation of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with survivors of a natural catastrophe. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 665-671.

English abstract : A study of Hurricane Andrew survivors found significant differences on the Impact of Event Scale and subjective distress in a comparison of EMDR and non-treatment condition
Abstract en français : Une étude menée auprès des rescapés de l’Ouragan « Andrew » a trouvé des différences significatives sur l’échelle d’impact de l’événement (impact of event scale) et dans l’évaluation subjective de la détresse en comparant un groupe traité avec la thérapie EMDR et un autre sans traitement.

Hensel, T. (2009). EMDR with children and adolescents after single-incident trauma an intervention study. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 2-9.

English abstract : 36 children and adolescents ranging in age from 1 year 9 months to 18 years 1 month were assessed at intake, post-waitlist/pretreatment, and at follow up. EMDR treatment resulted in significant improvement, demonstrating that children younger than 4 years of age showed the same benefit as the school-age children.

Hurley, E. (2018). Effective Treatment of Veterans With PTSD: Comparison Between Intensive Daily and Weekly EMDR Approaches. Frontiers in Psychology, 24 August 2018.

English abstract : The results indicated that both weekly treatment and intensive daily treatment groups produced statistically significant treatment effects (p < 0.001) that were maintained at 1-year follow-up.

Jarero, I., Artigas, L., & Hartung, J. (2006). EMDR integrative group treatment protocol : A post-disaster trauma intervention for children and adults. Traumatology, 12, 121-129.

English abstract : A study of 200 children treated with a group protocol after a flood in Mexico indicates that one session of treatment reduced trauma symptoms from the severe range to low (subclinical) levels of distress. Data from successful treatment at other disaster sites are also reported.
Abstract en français : Une étude de 200 enfants traités avec un protocole de groupe après des inondations au Mexique indique qu’une séance de traitement réduisait les symptômes traumatiques d’un niveau sévère à un niveau faible de détresse. D’autres données de traitements bénéfiques dans d’autres sites de désastres naturels ont également été rapportées.

Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Lopez-Lena, M. (2008). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol: Application with child victims of mass disaster. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 97-105.

English abstract : In this study the EMDR-IGTP was used with 16 bereaved children after a human provoked disaster in the Mexican State of Coahuila in 2006. Results showed a significant decrease in scores on the Child’s Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale that was maintained at 3-month follow-up.

Jarero, I., & Artigas, L. (2010). The EMDR integrative group treatment protocol : Application with adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 148-155.

English abstract : In this study, the EMDR-IGTP was applied during three consecutive days to a group of 20 adults during ongoing geopolitical crisis in a Central American country in 2009… Changes on the IES were maintained at 14 weeks follow-up even though participants were still exposed to ongoing crisis.”

Jarero, I. & Uribe, S. (2011). The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Brief report of an application in a human massacre situation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5, 156-165.

English abstract : Each individual client session lasted between 90 and 120 minutes. Results showed that one session of EMDR-PRECI produced significant improvement on self-report measures of posttraumatic stress and PTSD symptoms for both the immediate treatment and waitlist/delayed treatment groups.

Jarero, I. & Uribe, S. (2012). The EMDR protocol for recent critical incidents: Follow-up report of an application in a human massacre situation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6, 50-61.

English abstract : Follow-up scores showed that the original treatment results were maintained, with a further significant reduction of self-reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress and PTSD between posttreatment and follow-up… [S]cores of all participants were far below PTSD cutoff level

Jarero, I., Roque-López, S., & Gomez, J. (2013). The provision of an EMDR-based multicomponent trauma treatment with child victims of severe interpersonal trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(1), 17-28.

English abstract : Results showed significant improvement for all the participants on the Child’s Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale (CRTES) and the Short PTSD Rating Interview (SPRINT), with treatment results maintained at follow-up.

Jarero, I., Artigas, L., Uribe, S., García, L. E., Cavazos, M. A., & Givaudan, M. (2015). Pilot research study on the provision of the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing integrative group treatment protocol with female cancer patients. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 9(2), 98-105.

English abstract : EMDR-IGTP intensive therapy was administered for 3 consecutive days, twice daily. . . . Results also showed an overall subjective improvement in the participants.

Konuk, E., J., Eke, I., Yuksek, H., Yurtsever, A., & Ostep, S. (2006). The effects of EMDR therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of the 1999 Marmara, Turkey, earthquake. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 291-308.

English abstract : Data reported on a representative sample of 1500 earthquake victims indicated that five sessions of EMDR successfully eliminated PTSD in 92.7% of those treated, with a reduction of symptoms in the remaining participants.
Abstract en français : Les données rapportées d’un échantillon représentatif de 1500 victimes de séisme indiquent que 5 séances de thérapie EMDR élimineraient avec succès l’ESPT dans 92,7 % des personnes traitées, et réduisaient les symptômes chez les autres participants.

McLay, R. N., Webb-Murphy, J. A., Fesperman, S. F., Delaney, E. M., Gerard, S. K., Roesch, S. C., Nebeker, B. J., Pandzic, I., Vishnyak, E. A., & Johnston, S. L. (2016, March 10). Outcomes from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in active-duty service members with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000120

English abstract : Results indicated that patients receiving EMDR had significantly fewer therapy sessions over 10 weeks but had significantly greater gains in their PCL–M scores than did individuals not receiving EMDR.

Puffer, M. ; Greenwald, R. & Elrod, D. (1997). A single session EMDR study with twenty traumatized children and adolescents. Traumatology-e, 3(2), Article 6.

English abstract : In this delayed treatment comparison, over half of the participants moved from clinical to normal levels on the Impact of Events Scale, and all but 3 showed at least partial symptom relief on several measures at 1-3 month following a single EMDR session.
Abstract en français : Dans cette comparaison retardée de traitement, plus de la moitié des participants sont passés de niveaux pathologiques à des niveaux normaux sur l’échelle d’impact de l’événement, et tous, sauf 3, ont montré au moins un soulagement partiel de leurs symptômes sur plusieurs mesures, un à 3 mois après une unique séance avec la thérapie EMDR.

Ribchester, T., Yule, W., & Duncan, A. (2010). EMDR for childhood PTSD after road traffic accidents: Attentional, memory, and attributional processes. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4(4), 138-147.

English abstract : EMDR was used with 11 children who developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after road traffic accidents. All improved such that none met criteria for PTSD on standardized assessments after an average of only 2.4 sessions. Treatment was associated with a significant trauma-specific reduction in attentional bias on the modified Stroop task, with results apparent both immediately after therapy and at follow-up.

Russell, M.C., Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., & Darnell, J. (2007). Responding to an identified need: A joint Department of Defense-Department of Veterans Affairs training program in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for clinicians providing trauma services. International Journal of Stress Management, 14, 61-71.

English abstract : 72 active-duty military personnel were treated with EMDR therapy by nine different therapists in actual clinic settings. Results indicated that “the disturbance associated with the targeted traumatic memories had been largely eliminated and a new more positive perspective had developed. These changes were corroborated with the IES-R and BDI scores falling from the severe range to the mild or subclinical range.” Average treatment time: 8.50 sessions if wounded and 3.82 sessions if nonwounded.

Schubert, S.J., Lee, C.W., de Araujo, G., Butler, S.R., Taylor, G. & Drummond, P. (2016). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to treat symptoms following trauma in Timor Leste. Journal of Traumatic Stress.

English abstract : These findings suggest that benefits can be achieved with EMDR therapy for decreasing PTSD symptoms in a post-war, cross-cultural setting in a relatively short period (on average 4 treatment sessions over 13 days).

Silver, S.M., Brooks, A., & Obenchain, J. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of Vietnam war veterans with PTSD : Comparative effects with biofeedback and relaxation training. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 337-342.

English abstract : One of only two EMDR research studies that evaluated a clinically relevant course of EMDR treatment with combat veterans (e.g., more than one or two memories ; see Carlson et al., above). The analysis of an inpatient veterans’ PTSD program (n=100) found EMDR to be vastly superior to biofeedback and relaxation training on seven of eight measures.
Abstract en français : Une des deux seules études de recherche sur la thérapie EMDR qui ont évalué le déroulement clinique d’un traitement complet avec la thérapie EMDR avec d’anciens combattants (c’est-à-dire sur plus d’un ou deux souvenirs ; cf. Carlson et al, ci-dessus). L’analyse d’un programme hospitalier de traitement pour d’anciens combattants atteints de syndrome de stress post-traumatique (sur 100 sujets) a montré que la thérapie EMDR était largement supérieure au biofeedback et à l’entraînement à relaxation pour sept mesures sur huit.

Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks : A community-based intervention project in New York City. International Journal of Stress Management.

English abstract : Patients made highly significant positive gains on a range of outcome variables, including validated psychometrics and self-report scales. Analyses of the data indicate that EMDR is a useful treatment intervention both in the immediate aftermath of disaster as well as later.
Abstract en français : Les patients ont obtenu des améliorations hautement significatives de leur état sur toute une série de variables de résultat, parmi lesquelles des mesures psychométriques validées et des échelles d’auto-évaluation. Les analyses de données établissent que la thérapie EMDR a été une intervention thérapeutique utile, aussi bien immédiatement après la catastrophe (ici les attaques terroristes du 11 septembre) que plus tard.

Solomon, R.M. & Kaufman, T.E. (2002).

English abstract : A peer support workshop for the treatment of traumatic stress of railroad personnel : Contributions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Brief Therapy, 2, 27-33, 60 railroad employees who had experienced fatal grade accident crossing accidents were evaluated for workshop outcomes, and for the additive effects of EMDR treatment. Although the workshop was successful, in this setting, the addition of a short session of EMDR (5-40 minutes) led to significantly lower, sub clinical, scores which further decreased at follow up.
Abstract en français : On a évalué les résultats d’un atelier de soutien thérapeutique et les effets supplémentaires apportés par la thérapie EMDR auprès de 60 employés des chemins de fer ayant vécu des accidents mortels sur la voie. Bien que l’atelier ait été une réussite, dans ce cadre, l’ajout d’une courte séance d’EMDR (entre 5 et 40 minutes) a induit une baisse des symptômes à un nouveau subclinique, qui avaient encore diminué lors du suivi au-delà de la fin de la période de traitement.

Sprang, G. (2001). The use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of traumatic stress and complicated mourning : Psychological and behavioral outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice, 11, 300-320.

English abstract : In a multi-site study, EMDR significantly reduced symptoms more often than the CBT treatment on behavioral measures, and on four of five psychosocial measures. EMDR was more efficient, inducing change at an earlier stage and requiring fewer sessions.
Abstract en français : Dans cette étude multi site, la thérapie EMDR a réduit significativement les symptômes

Wadaa, N. N., Zaharim, N. M., & Alqashan, H. F. (2010). The use of EMDR in treatment of traumatized Iraqi children. Digest of Middle East Studies, 19, 26-36.

English abstract : Our findings are consistent with the conclusion . . . that EMDR is effective for civilian PTSD, and it applies its treatment in a user-friendly manner . . . The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD in the experimental group compared to the control group.

Zaghrout-Hodali, M., Alissa, F. & Dodgson, P.W. (2008). Building resilience and dismantling fear: EMDR group protocol with children in an area of ongoing trauma. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 106-113.

English abstract : Results indicate that the EMDR approach can be effective in a group setting, and in an acute situation, both in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic and peritraumatic stress and in “inoculation” or building resilience in a setting of ongoing conflict and trauma.

TAI et procédures EMDR

Le modèle de traitement adaptatif de l’information – TAI – (Shapiro, 2001, 2002, 2007) est utilisé pour expliquer les effets cliniques de l’EMDR et guider la pratique clinique. Ce modèle n’est lié à aucun mécanisme neurobiologique spécifique puisque le domaine de la neurobiologie est encore incapable de le déterminer dans aucune forme de psychothérapie (ni dans la plupart des médicaments).

L’article Traitement adaptatif de l’information et procédures de la thérapie EMDR liste une série d’articles qui donnent un aperçu du modèle et des procédures, ainsi que des recherches et des rapports de cas sélectionnés qui démontrent la valeur prédictive du modèle dans le traitement des expériences de vie qui semblent sous-tendre diverses plaintes cliniques.

Mécanismes d’action

L’EMDR contient de nombreuses procédures et éléments qui contribuent aux effets du traitement. Bien que la méthodologie utilisée dans l’EMDR ait été largement validée (voir ci-dessus), des questions subsistent concernant le mécanisme d’action. Cependant, étant donné que l’EMDR produit des effets cliniques sans avoir besoin de faire ses devoirs, ou de la concentration prolongée utilisée dans les thérapies d’exposition, on a prêté attention aux processus neurobiologiques possibles qui pourraient être évoqués. Bien que les mouvements oculaires (et toute autre stimulation à double attention) constituent un seul élément procédural, cet élément a été soumis à un examen minutieux.

L’article Mécanisme d’action de l’EMDR présente les principales études sur ce thème.

Mouvements oculaires

Les principales études contrôlées randomisées testant les hypothèses sur les mouvements oculaires :

English abstract : Numerous memory researchers have evaluated the eye movements used in EMDR therapy. A recent meta-analysis of the eye movement research has reported positive effects (Lee & Cuijpers, 2013) in both clinical and laboratory trials (see above). It is hypothesized that a number of mechanisms interact synergistically. The following studies have tested specific hypotheses regarding mechanism of action and found a direct effect on emotional arousal, imagery vividness, attentional flexibility, retrieval, distancing and memory association.

Andrade, J., Kavanagh, D., & Baddeley, A. (1997). Eye-movements and visual imagery : a working memory approach to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 209-223.

English abstract : Tested the working memory theory. Eye movements were superior to control conditions in reducing image vividness and emotionality.
Abstract en français : Cet article teste la théorie de la mémoire de travail. Il déclare les mouvements oculaires supérieurs aux conditions de contrôle pour la réduction de la netteté des images et de l’émotionalité.

Baek, J., Lee, S., Cho, T., Kim, S.-W., Kim, M., Yoon, Y., Shin, H.-S. (2019). Neural circuits underlying a psychotherapeutic regimen for fear disorders. Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0931-y

Barrowcliff, A.L., Gray, N.S., Freeman, T.C.A., & MacCulloch, M.J. (2004). Eye-movements reduce the vividness, emotional valence and electrodermal arousal associated with negative autobiographical memories. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 15, 325-345.

English abstract : Tested the reassurance reflex model. Eye movements were superior to control conditions in reducing image vividness and emotionality.
Abstract en français : Les auteurs testent le modèle du réflexe de réassurance. Les mouvements oculaires sont supérieurs aux conditions de contrôle pour la réduction de la netteté des images et de l’émotionalité.

Barrowcliff, A.L., Gray, N.S., MacCulloch, S., Freeman, T. C.A., & MacCulloch, M.J. (2003). Horizontal rhythmical eye-movements consistently diminish the arousal provoked by auditory stimuli. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 289-302.

English abstract : Tested the reassurance reflex model. Eye movements were superior to control conditions in reducing arousal provoked by auditory stimuli.
Abstract en français : Les auteurs testent le modèle du réflexe de réassurance. Les mouvements oculaires sont supérieurs aux conditions de contrôle pour la réduction de l’activation physiologique provoquée par des stimuli auditifs.

Brincat, S. L., Donoghue, J. A., Mahnke, M. K., Kornblith, S., Lundqvist, M., & Miller, E. K. (2021). Interhemispheric transfer of working memories. Neuron, 109(6), 1055-1066.e4. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.016

Christman, S. D., Garvey, K. J., Propper, R. E., & Phaneuf, K. A. (2003). Bilateral eye movements enhance the retrieval of episodic memories. Neuropsychology. 17, 221-229.

English abstract : Tested cortical activation theories. Results provide indirect support for the orienting response/REM theories suggested by Stickgold (2002). Saccadic eye movements, but not tracking eye movements were superior to control conditions in episodic retrieval.
Abstract en français : Article cherchant à vérifier les théories de l’activation corticale. Ses résultats corroborent indirectement les théories de la réaction d’orientation et des MOR du sommeil paradoxal suggérées par Stickgold (2002). Les mouvements oculaires saccadés, au contraire des mouvements de suivi oculaires, sont supérieurs aux conditions de contrôle pour la remémoration épisodique.

Christman, S. D., Propper, R. E., & Brown, T. J. (2006). Increased interhemispheric interaction is associated with earlier offset of childhood amnesia. Neuropsychology, 20, 336.

English abstract : The results of the current Experiment 2 suggest that the eye movements employed in EMDR may induce a neurobiological change in interhemispheric interaction and an attendant psychological change in episodic retrieval.

Cuperus, A. A., Laken, M., van Schie, K., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. A. (2019). Dual-tasking during recall of negative memories or during visual perception of images: Effects on vividness and emotionality. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 62, 112-116.

De Jongh, A., Ernst, R., Marques, L. & Hornsveld, H. (2013). The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories of patients with PTSD and other mental disorders. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 447–483.

English abstract : The findings provide further evidence for the value of employing eye movements in EMDR treatments. The results also support the notion that EMDR is a suitable option for resolving disturbing memories underlying a broader range of mental health problems than PTSD alone.

El Haj, M., Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C., & Janssen, S. M. J. (2021). Eye movements of recent and remote autobiographical memories: fewer and longer lasting fixations during the retrieval of childhood memories. Psychol Res, 85(6), 2466-2473. doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01403-3

Engelhard, I.M., van den Hout, M.A., Janssen, W.C., & van der Beek, J. (2010). Eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of « flashforwards. » Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 442–447.

English abstract : This study examined whether eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of visual distressing images about feared future events… Relative to the no-dual task condition, eye movements while thinking of future-oriented images resulted in decreased ratings of image vividness and emotional intensity.

Engelhard, I.M., van Uijen, S.L. & van den Hout, M.A. (2010). The impact of taxing working memory on negative and positive memories. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 1: 5623 – DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5623

English abstract : English abstract : Additional investigation of eye movements compared to Tetris from a working memory perspective.

Engelhard, I.M., et al. (2011). Reducing vividness and emotional intensity of recurrent “flashforwards” by taxing working memory: An analogue study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 25, 599–603.

English abstract : Results showed that vividness of intrusive images was lower after recall with eye movement, relative to recall only, and there was a similar trend for emotionality.

Gunter RW, Bodner GE. (2008) How eye movements affect unpleasant memories : Support for a working-memory account. Behavior Research and Therapy 2008; 46:913-31.

English abstract : Three studies were done with cumulatively support a working-memory account of the eye movement benefits in which the central executive is taxed when a person performs a distractor task while attempting to hold a memory in mind.
Abstract en français : Gunter et al. (University de Calgary, au Canada), montrent qu’on peut expliquer une partie des effets de la SBA de l’EMDR par le fait qu’elle interfère avec la capacité de se concentrer pleinement sur le souvenir traumatique. De fait, dans cette expérience, plus la stimulation demande des capacités d’attention importantes, plus elle est efficace. Toutefois, les auteurs soulignent que toute tache attentionnelle qui serait trop complexe pour permettre au patient de maintenir une partie de son attention sur le souvenir traumatique ne serait sans doute pas aussi efficace. Ils soulignent qu’une étude précédente (Maxfield, 2004) avait déjà montré que, effectivement, les MO plus rapides étaient plus efficaces pour réduire le SUD d’un souvenir traumatique les MO plus lents. Sans doute parce qu’ils demandaient une attention plus soutenue.

Homer, S. R., Deeprose, C., & Andrade, J. (2016). Negative mental imagery in public speaking anxiety: Forming cognitive resistance by taxing visuospatial working memory. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 50, 77-82.

English abstract : As hypothesised, representative imagery was established and reduced in vividness more effectively by the eye movement task than the auditory task. The public speaking scenario was then visualised less vividly and generated less anxiety when imagined after performing the eye movement task than after the auditory task.

Johansson, R., Nyström, M., Dewhurst, R., & Johansson, M. (2022). Eye-movement replay supports episodic remembering. Proc Biol Sci, 289(1976), 20220964. doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0964

Kapoula, Z., Yang, Q., Bonnet, A., Bourtoire, P., & Sandretto, J. (2010). EMDR effects on pursuit eye movements. Plos ONE, 5(5), e10762.

Kavanagh, D. J., Freese, S., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2001). Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 267-280.

English abstract : Tested the working memory theory. Eye movements were superior to control conditions in reducing within-session image vividness and emotionality. There was no difference
Abstract en français : Article testant la théorie de la mémoire de travail. Les mouvements oculaires sont supérieurs aux conditions de contrôle pour la réduction, en cours de séance, de la netteté des images et de l’émotionalité. Pas de différence une semaine plus tard.

Kearns, M, Engelhard I. M. (2015). Psychophysiological responsivity to script-driven imagery: An exploratory study of the effects of eye movements on public speaking flashforwards. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00115.

Relative to the control condition (imagery only), those who made eye movements whilst holding a mental image of this scenario in-mind demonstrated a significant decrease in heart rate, which acted as a measure of emotionality.

Kuiken, D., Bears, M., Miall, D., & Smith, L. (2001-2002). Eye movement desensitization reprocessing facilitates attentional orienting. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 21, (1), 3-20.

English abstract : Tested the orienting response theory related to REM-type mechanisms. Indicated that the eye movement condition was correlated with increased attentional flexibility. Eye movements were superior to control conditions.
Abstract en français : Article cherchant à vérifier la théorie de la réaction d’orientation en rapport avec des mécanismes de type REM. Les auteurs indiquent que la condition « mouvements oculaires » est corrélée avec une plus grande souplesse de l’attention. Les mouvements oculaires sont supérieurs aux conditions de contrôle.

Kuiken, D., Chudleigh, M. & Racher, D. (2010). Bilateral eye movements, attentional flexibility and metaphor comprehension: The substrate of REM dreaming? Dreaming, 20, 227–247.

English abstract : This study adds additional support to the orienting response theory related to REM-type mechanisms. Evaluations of participants experiencing significant loss or trauma demonstrate differential effects in a comparison of eye movement and non-eye movement conditions.

Landin-Romero, R., Moreno-Alcazar, A., Pagani, M., & Amann, B. L. (2018). How Does Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy Work? A Systematic Review on Suggested Mechanisms of Action. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.

Lee, C.W., & Drummond, P.D. (2008). Effects of eye movement versus therapist instructions on the processing of distressing memories. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, , 22, 801-808.

English abstract : There was no significant effect of therapist’s instruction on the outcome measures. There was a significant reduction in distress for eye movement at post-treatment and at follow-up… The results were consistent with other evidence that the mechanism of change in EMDR is not the same as traditional exposure.
Abstract en français : Il n’y a pas eu d’effet significatif des instructions du thérapeute sur l’issue du traitement. Il y a eu une diminution significative de la détresse après les mouvements oculaires à l’issue du traitement et lors du suivi ultérieur. Les résultats sont cohérents avec d’autres observations indiquant que le méchanisme de changement en EMDR n’est pas le même qu’en exposition traditionnelle.

Mathijssen, S. J. M. A., van Beerschotencd, L. M., de Jongh, A., Klugkist, I. G., & van den Houtab, M. A. (2018). Effects of “Visual Schema Displacement Therapy” (VSDT), an abbreviated EMDR protocol and a control condition on emotionality and vividness of aversive memories: Two critical analogue studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.

Mattera, A., Cavallo, A., Granato, G., Baldassarre, G., & Pagani, M. (2022). A Biologically Inspired Neural Network Model to Gain Insight Into the Mechanisms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy. Front Psychol, 13, 944838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.944838

Maxfield, L., Melnyk, W.T. & Hayman, C.A. G. (2008). A working memory explanation for the effects of eye movements in EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 247-261.

English abstract : In two experiments participants focused on negative memories while engaging in three dual-attention eye movement tasks of increasing complexity. Results support a working memory explanation for the effects of eye movement dual-attention tasks on autobiographical memory.

Mertens, G., Krypotos, A.-M., van Logtestijn, A., Landkroon, E., Veen, S. C. V., & Engelhard, I. M. (2018). Changing negative autobiographical memories in the lab: A comparison of three eye-movement tasks. Memory.

Nieuwenhuis, S., Elzinga, B. M., Ras, P. H., Berends, F., Duijs, P., Samara, Z., & Slagter, H. A. (2013). Bilateral saccadic eye movements and tactile stimulation, but not auditory stimulation, enhance memory retrieval. Brain and Cognition, 81, 52-56.

English abstract : Increased memory retrieval in two experiments support “the possibility that alternating bilateral activation of the left and right hemispheres exerts its effects on memory by increasing the functional connectivity between the two hemispheres.

Novo Navarro, P., Maiche Marini, A., Scott, J., Landin-Romero, R., & Amann, B. L. (2013). No effects of eye movements on the encoding of the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop in healthy participants: Possible implications for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(8), 983-988. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.005

Parker, A., Buckley, S. & Dagnall, N. (2009). Reduced misinformation effects following saccadic bilateral eye movements. Brain and Cognition, 69, 89-97.

English abstract : Bilateral saccadic eye movements were compared to vertical and no eye movements. “It was found that bilateral eye movements increased true memory for the event, increased recollection, and decreased the magnitude of the misinformation effect.” This study supports hypotheses regarding effects of interhemispheric activation and episodic memory.

Parker, A. & Dagnall, N. (2007). Effects of bilateral eye movements on gist based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and Cognition, 63, 221-225.

English abstract : Bilateral saccadic eye movements were compared to vertical and no eye movements. Those in the bilateral eye movement condition “were more likely to recognise previously presented words and less likely to falsely recognize critical non-studies associates.”

Parker, A., Relph, S. & Dagnall, N. (2008). Effects of bilateral eye movement on retrieval of item, associative and contextual information. Neuropsychology, 22, 136-145.

English abstract : The effects of saccadic bilateral eye movement were compared to vertical eye movements and no eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative and contextual information. Saccadic eye movements were superior on all parameters in all conditions.

Reichel, V., Sammer, G., Gruppe, H., Hanewald, B., Garder, R., Bloß, C., & Stingl, M. (2021). Good vibrations: Bilateral tactile stim1ulation decreases startle magnitude during negative imagination and increases skin conductance response for positive imagination in an affective startle reflex paradigm. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(3), 100197. doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100197

Sack, M., Zehl, S., Otti, A., Lahmann, C., Henningsen, P., Kruse, J., & Stingl, M. (2016). A comparison of dual attention, eye movements, and exposure only during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(6), 357-365.

English abstract : Bilateral eye movements were compared to eye fixation and an exposure control. Both eye conditions were equally effective and superior to exposure alone at posttest.

Samara, Z., Bernet M., Elzinga, B.M., Heleen A., Slagter, H.A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2011). Do horizontal saccadic eye movements increase interhemispheric coherence? Investigation of a hypothesized neural mechanism underlying EMDR. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 4. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00004.

English abstract : The study demonstrated that 30 seconds of bilateral saccadic EMs enhanced the episodic retrieval of non-traumatic emotional stimuli in healthy adults. There was no evidence for an increase in interhemispheric coherence. However, a number of caveats regarding interpretation are noted

Schubert, S.J., Lee, C.W. & Drummond, P.D. (in press). The efficacy and psychophysiological correlates of dual-attention tasks in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Anxiety Disorders.

English abstract : EMDR-with eye movements led to greater reduction in distress than EMDR-without eye movements. Heart rate decreased significantly when eye movements began; skin conductance decreased during eye movement sets; heart rate variability and respiration rate increased significantly as eye movements continued; and orienting responses were more frequent in the eye movement than no-eye movement condition at the start of exposure.

Servan-Schreiber, D., Schooler, J., Dew, M.A., Carter, C., & Bartone, P. (2006). EMDR for PTSD: A pilot blinded, randomized study of stimulation type. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 75, 290-297.

English abstract : Twenty-one patients with single-event PTSD (average IES: 49.5) received three consecutive sessions of EMDR with three different types of auditory and kinesthetic stimulation. All were clinically useful. However, alternating stimulation appeared to confer an additional benefit to the EMDR procedure.

Sharpley, C. F. Montgomery, I. M., & Scalzo, L. A. (1996). Comparative efficacy of EMDR and alternative procedures in reducing the vividness of mental images. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 25, 37-42.

English abstract : Results suggest support for the working memory theory. Eye movements were superior to control conditions in reducing image vividness.
Abstract en français : Les résultats de l’étude soutiennent la théorie de la mémoire de travail. Les mouvements oculaires sont supérieurs aux conditions de contrôle pour la réduction de la netteté des images. A la différence des conditions de contrôle, les mouvements oculaires réduisent aussi l’émotionalité.

Smeets, M. A., Dijs, M. W., Pervan, I., Engelhard, I. M., & Van den Hout, M. A. (2012). Time-course of eye movement-related decrease in vividness and emotionality of unpleasant autobiographical memories. Memory, 20, 346-357.

English abstract : Results revealed a significant drop [in eyes moving condition] compared to the [eyes stationary] group in emotionality after 74 seconds compared to a significant drop in vividness at only 2 seconds into the intervention. These results support that emotionality becomes reduced only after vividness has dropped.

Szeska, C., Mohrmann, H., & Hamm, A. O. (2023). Facilitated extinction but impaired extinction recall by eye movement manipulation in humans – Indications for action mechanisms and the applicability of eye movement desensitization. Int J Psychophysiol, 184, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.12.009

Van den Hout, M., Muris, P., Salemink, E., & Kindt, M. (2001). Autobiographical memories become less vivid and emotional after eye movements. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 121-130.

English abstract : Tested their theory that eye movements change the somatic perceptions accompanying retrieval, leading to decreased affect, and therefore decreasing vividness. Eye movements were superior to control conditions in reducing image vividness. Unlike control conditions, eye movements also decreased emotionality.
Abstract en français : Cet article teste la théorie des auteurs selon laquelle les mouvements oculaires changent les perceptions somatiques accompagnant le fait de retrouver un souvenir, ce qui amène une diminution de l’affect et par conséquent de la netteté du souvenir. Les mouvements oculaires sont supérieurs aux conditions de contrôle pour la réduction de la netteté des images. À la différence des conditions de contrôle, les mouvements oculaires réduisent aussi l’émotionalité.

van den Hout, M., et al. (2011). EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 92-98.

English abstract : Vividness of negative memories was reduced after both beeps and eye movements, but effects were larger for eye movements. Findings support a working memory account of EMDR and suggest that effects of beeps on negative memories are inferior to those of eye movements.

Van den Hout, M.A., Rijkeboer, M.T., Engelhard, I.M., Klugkist, I., Hornsveld, H., Toffolo, M., & Cath, D. (2012). Tones inferior to eye movements in the EMDR treatment of PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 275-279.

English abstract : Ems outperformed tones while it remained unclear if tones add to recall only.

van Veen, S. C., van Schie, K., Wijngaards-de Meij, L. D., Littel, M., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. A. (2015). Speed matters: relationship between speed of eye movements and modification of aversive autobiographical memories. Frontiers in psychiatry, 6, 45.

English abstract : Although predicted by the working memory hypothesis that highly vivid images are more affected by fast EM and less vivid images are more affected by slower EM. . . “Crucially, image vividness did not interact with condition on the decrease of emotionality over time, which was inconsistent with the prediction.

Autres évaluations psychophysiologiques et neurobiologiques du traitement EMDR

English abstract : All psychophysiological studies have indicated significant de-arousal. Neurobiological studies have indicated significant effects, including changes in cortical, and limbic activation patterns, and increase in hippocampal volume.

Amano, T., Seiyama, A., & Toichi, M. (2013). Brain activity measured with near-infrared spectroscopy during EMDR treatment of phantom limb pain. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(3), 144-153. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.3.144

Aubert-Khalfa, S., Roques, J. & Blin, O. (2008). Evidence of a decrease in heart rate and skin conductance responses in PTSD patients after a single EMDR session. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2, 51-56.

Baptist, J., Thompson, D. E., Spencer, C., Mowla, M. R., Love, H. A., & Su, Y. (2020). Clinical efficacy of EMDR in unipolar depression: Changes in theta cordance. Psychiatry Res, 296, 113696. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113696

Bossini L. Fagiolini, A. & Castrogiovanni, P.(2007). Neuroanatomical changes after EMDR in PTSD. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 19, 457-458.

Bossini, L., Tavanti, M., Calossi, S., Polizzotto, N. R., Vatti, G., Marino, D., & Castrogiovanni, P. (2011). EMDR treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder, with focus on hippocampal volumes: A pilot study. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 23, E1-2. doi:10.1176/appi. neuropsych.23.2.E1.

Bossini, L., Santarnecchi, E., Casolaro, I., Koukouna, D., Caterini, C., Cecchini, F., … & Rossi, A. (2017). Morphovolumetric changes after EMDR treatment in drug-naïve PTSD patients. Rivista di Psichiatria, 52(1), 24-31.

Boukezzi, S., El Khoury-Malhame, M., Auzias, G., Reynaud, E., Rousseau, P. F., Richard, E., Khalfa, S. (2017). Grey matter density changes of structures involved in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after recovery following eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Psychiatry Research, 266, 146-152. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.06.009

Butler, O., Herr, K., Willmund, G., Gallinat, J., Kühn, S., & Zimmermann, P. (2020). Trauma, treatment and Tetris: video gaming increases hippocampal volume in male patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 45(3), 190027. doi:10.1503/jpn.190027

Camacho-Conde, J. A. (2020). Cognitive Function Assessment of a Patient with PTSD Before and After EMDR Treatment. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 14(4), 216-228. doi:10.1891/EMDR-D-20-00022

Claudino, F. C. D. A., Gonçalves, L., Schuch, F. B., Martins, H. R. S., & Rocha, N. S. D. (2020). The Effects of Individual Psychotherapy in BDNF Levels of Patients With Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1-9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00445

de Voogd, L. D., Kanen, J. W., Neville, D. A., Roelofs, K., Fernández, G., & Hermans, E. J. (2018). Eye-movement intervention enhances extinction via amygdala deactivation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 0703-0718.

El Khoury-Malhame, M., Reynaud, E., Beetz, E. M., & Khalfa, S. (2017). Restoration of emotional control ability in PTSD following symptom amelioration by EMDR therapy. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 1(1), 73-79.

Frustaci, A., Lanza, G.A., Fernandez, I., di Giannantonio, M. & Pozzi, G. (2010). Changes in psychological symptoms and heart rate variability during EMDR treatment: A case series of subthreshold PTSD. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 4, 3-11.

Gerardi, M., Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Kelley, M. (2010). Cortisol response following exposure treatment for PTSD in rape victims. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma, 19(4), 349-356.

Giotakos, O. (2020). Neurobiology of emotional trauma. Psychiatriki, 31(2), 162-171.

Grbesa et al.: (2010). Electrophysiological changes during EMDR treatment in patients with combat-related PTSD. Annals of General Psychiatry 9 (Suppl 1) :S209.

Harper, M. L., Rasolkhani-Kalhorn, T., & Drozd, J. F. (2009). On the neural basis of EMDR therapy: Insights from qeeg studies. Traumatology, 15, 81-95.

Herkt, D., Tumani, V., Grön, G., Kammer, T., Hofmann, A., & Abler, B. (2014). Facilitating access to emotions: Neural signature of EMDR stimulation. PloS one, 9(8), e106350.

Kaliman, P., Cosín-Tomás, M., Madrid, A., Roque López, S., Llanez-Anaya, E., Papale, L. A., Alisch, R. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2022). Epigenetic impact of a 1-week intensive multimodal group program for adolescents with multiple adverse childhood experiences. Sci Rep, 12(1), 17177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21246-9

Khalfa, S. (2019). The management of psychological trauma through EMDR therapy and the cerebral mechanisms involved. Revue de neuropsychologie, 2(4). doi:10.1684/nrp.2019.0522

Kowal, J. A. (2005). QEEG analysis of treating PTSD and bulimia nervosa using EMDR. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(Part 4), 114-115.

Lamprecht, F., Kohnke, C., Lempa, W., Sack, M., Matzke, M., & Munte, T. (2004). Event-related potentials and EMDR treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience Research, 49, 267-272.

Landin-Romero, R., et al. (2013). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67, 181-184.

Landin-Romero, R., Novo, P., Vicens, V., McKenna, P. J., Santed, A., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Amann, B. L. (2013). EMDR therapy modulates the default mode network in a subsyndromal, traumatized bipolar patient. Neuropsychobiology, 67(3), 181-4. doi:10.1159/000346654

Lansing, K., Amen, D.G., Hanks, C. & Rudy, L. (2005). High resolution brain SPECT imaging and EMDR in police officers with PTSD. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.

Laufer, S., Engel, S., Knaevelsrud, C., & Schumacher, S. (2018). Cortisol and alpha-amylase assessment in psychotherapeutic intervention studies: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 95, 235-262. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.023

Levin, P., Lazrove, S., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1999). What psychological testing and neuroimaging tell us about the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 159-172.

Manthey, A., Sierk, A., Brakemeier, E. L., Walter, H., & Daniels, J. K. (2021). Does trauma-focused psychotherapy change the brain? A systematic review of neural correlates of therapeutic gains in PTSD. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 12(1), 1929025. doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1929025

Nardo D et al. (2009, in press). Gray matter density in limbic and paralimbic cortices is associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome in PTSD patients. Journal of Psychiatric Researchdoi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.10.014

Oh, D.-H., & Choi, J. (2004). Changes in the regional cerebral perfusion after Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A SPECT study of two cases. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1, 24-30

Ohta ni, T., Matsuo, K., Kasai, K., Kato, T., & Kato, N. (2009). Hemodynamic responses of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience Research, 65, 375–383.

Otani, T., Matsuo, K., Kasai, K., Kato, T., & Kato, N. (2009, December). Hemodynamic responses of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience Research, 65(4), 375-383.

Pagani, M. et al. (2007). Effects of EMDR psychotherapy on 99mTc-HMPAO distribution in occupation-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Nuclear Medicine Communications, 28, 757–765.

Pagani, M. et al. (2011). Pretreatment, intratreatment, and posttreatment EEG imaging of EMDR: Methodology and preliminary results from a single case. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 5,42-56.

Pagani, M., et al. (2013). Correlates of EMDR Therapy in Functional and Structural Neuroimaging: A Critical Summary of Recent Findings. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7, 29-38.

Pagani, M., Castelnuovo, G., Daverio, A., La Porta, P., Monaco, L., Ferrentino, F. et al. (2018). Metabolic and Electrophysiological Changes Associated to Clinical Improvement in Two Severely Traumatized Subjects Treated With EMDR-A Pilot Study. Front Psychol, 9, 475.

Park, S. C., Park, Y. C., Lee, M. S., & Chang, H. S. (2012). Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor level may contribute to the therapeutic response to eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 24(6), 384-386. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00623.x

Parker, A., Powell, D., & Dagnall, N. (2018). Effects of Saccade Induced Retrieval Enhancement on conceptual and perceptual tests of explicit & implicit memory. Brain and Cognition, 121, 1-10.

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Propper, R., Pierce, J.P., Geisler, M.W., Christman, S.D., & Bellorado, N. (2007). Effect of bilateral eye movements on frontal interhemispheric gamma EEG coherence: Implications for EMDR therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 785-788.

Rapcencu, A. E., Gorter, R., Kennis, M., van Rooij, S. J. H., & Geuze, E. (2017). Pre-treatment cortisol awakening response predicts symptom reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 82, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.010

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Rousseau, P. F., Boukezzi, S., Garcia, R., Chaminade, T., & Khalfa, S. (2020). Cracking the EMDR code: Recruitment of sensory, memory and emotional networks during bilateral alternating auditory stimulation. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 4867420913623. doi:10.1177/0004867420913623

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Rousseau, P. F., El Khoury-Malhame, M., Reynaud, E., Zendjidjian, X., Samuelian, J. C., & Khalfa, S. (2019). Neurobiological correlates of EMDR therapy effect in PTSD. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 3(2), 103-111.

Rousseau, P. F., Malbos, E., Verger, A., Nicolas, F., Lançon, C., Khalfa, S. et al. (2019). Increase of precuneus metabolism correlates with reduction of PTSD symptoms after EMDR therapy in military veterans: an 18F-FDG PET study during virtual reality exposure to war. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 1-5.

Sack, M., Lempa, W., & Lemprecht, W. (2007). Assessment of psychophysiological stress reactions during a traumatic reminder in patients treated with EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1, 15-23.

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Schubert, S. J., Lee, C. W., & Drummond, P. D. (2016). Eye Movements Matter, But Why? Psychophysiological Correlates of EMDR Therapy to Treat Trauma in Timor-Leste. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 10(2), 70-81.

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Traitement des anciens combattants

Comme indiqué dans les directives de pratique de l’American Psychiatric Association (2004, p.18), avec l’EMDR « le matériel traumatique n’a pas besoin d’être verbalisé». Étant donné la réticence de nombreux anciens combattants à divulguer les détails de leur expérience, ce facteur est pertinent pour la volonté de commencer le traitement, la rétention et les gains thérapeutiques. C’est peut-être l’un des facteurs responsables de la rémission inférieure et du taux de décrochage plus élevé noté dans cette population lorsque des techniques de TCC sont utilisées.

Carlson et al. (1998) ont signalé qu’après douze séances de traitement, 77,7% des vétérans de combat ne répondaient plus aux critères du TSPT. Il n’y a eu aucun abandon et les effets ont été maintenus au suivi de 3 et 9 mois. De plus, l’analyse de Silver et al. (1995) du programme PTSD d’un patient hospitalisé (n = 100) a montré que l’EMDR était supérieur à l’entraînement par biofeedback et relaxation dans sept des huit mesures. Toutes les autres études randomisées sur les anciens combattants ont utilisé des doses de traitement insuffisantes pour évaluer les résultats du TSPT (par exemple, deux séances, voir ISTSS, 2000, DVA / DoD, 2005). Un temps de traitement suffisant doit être utilisé pour les anciens combattants polytraumatisés (par exemple, voir ci-dessous : Russell et al., 2007). Cependant, dans une analyse de processus, Rogers et al. (1999) ont comparé une séance d’EMDR et une thérapie d’exposition avec des anciens combattants hospitalisés, et un modèle de récupération différent a été observé. Le groupe EMDR a démontré une diminution plus rapide de la détresse autodéclarée (par exemple, les taux de SUD diminuaient avec l’EMDR et augmentaient avec l’exposition).

Comme indiqué dans les American Psychiatric Practice Guidelines (2004, p.36), si considéré comme une thérapie d’exposition, « EMDR emploie des techniques qui peuvent donner au patient plus de contrôle sur l’expérience d’exposition (puisque EMDR est moins dépendante d’un compte verbal) et fournit des techniques pour réguler l’anxiété dans les circonstances appréhendées du traitement d’exposition. Par conséquent, il peut s’avérer avantageux pour les patients qui ne peuvent tolérer une exposition prolongée ainsi que pour les patients qui ont des difficultés à verbaliser leurs expériences traumatiques. Des comparaisons de l’EMDR avec d’autres traitements dans de plus grands échantillons sont nécessaires pour clarifier de telles différences. «

Une telle recherche est fortement recommandée. De plus, étant donné que l’EMDR n’utilise aucun devoir pour atteindre ses effets, il peut être particulièrement adapté à l’atténuation des symptômes de première ligne (voir Russell, 2006). En outre, les problèmes de douleur somatique et chronique courants vécus par les vétérans de combat indiquent le besoin de recherches supplémentaires basées sur les rapports de Russell (sous presse), Schneider et al., (2007 et sous presse) et Wilensky (2007), qui démontrent EMDR capacité à traiter avec succès la douleur des membres fantômes (voir aussi Ray & Zbik, 2001). La capacité de l’EMDR à traiter simultanément le SSPT, la dépression et la douleur peut présenter des avantages distincts pour le traitement DVA / DoD.

L’article Traitement des anciens combattants en EMDR contient d’autres informations cliniquement pertinentes pour le traitement des anciens combattants, y compris les paramètres de thérapie.

Recherches sur les populations traitées avec succès par la thérapie EMDR

Les recherches sur les populations traitées avec succès par la thérapie EMDR sont présentée dans cet article : Recherches sur les populations traitées avec succès par la thérapie EMDR qui aborde notamment : Phobies, Trouble Panique, Trouble de l’anxiété généralisée, Dépression, Trouble de l’attachement, Troubles des conduites et estime de soi, Trouble Dysmorphique, Pédophilie, Migraines / maux de têtes, Symptômes physiques médicalement inexpliqués, Addictions, Troubles obsessionnels compulsifs, Deuil, Dysfonctionnement sexuel, Troubles psychotiques, Douleur chronique, Douleur des membres fantôme…